Great Divorce Essay examples -- essays research papers

This book is delightfully insightful in it is content. Lewis is the narrator of his story, which begins in Hell, a dreary town full of empty streets. Lewis uses a dream as the vehicle to carry his ideas. Lewis boards a bus for Heaven with other ghosts from the town. It is not until the last chapter of the book that the reader finds out that Lewis is actually having a dream. Lewis finds himself in a dark and dreary place, where the houses are gray and empty, a dismal rain never stops, and time is eternally stuck in the bleak period just before sunset. Walking through this abominable town, he happens to find a bus stop, which takes inhabitants out of this gloomy place and into a much brighter happier world. Slightly bewildered, Lewis boards the bus and begins a journey out of a city named Hell and into another city called Heaven. When he arrives at his destination, Lewis discovers that Hell’s inhabitants do not enjoy the beauty of this new land. In heaven, these people become ghosts because they are not strong enough to endure the substantive things of this world. The grass and water cut through their feet and even the tiniest object is to heavy for the ghosts to pick up. The rain would penetrate them like bullets would from a machine gun. The concept of Heaven being incredibly large and Hell being considerably small, smaller than a grain of sand is quite a comparison. The ghosts refused any help from the residents of heaven. One of the major mistakes the ghosts made was trying to conquer their struggles with their own powers. Time and again, Lewis sees the ghosts fail, but they still will not let go of what is holding them back. While Lewis is walking he meets George MacDonald who aids him in his journey through heaven. MacDonald tells Lewis that this journey is a dream, which will make clear to him that souls have a choice between Heaven and Hell and what that choice is. Lewis, at first, is unable to understand why the lost souls must be damned. However, he is finally persuaded that Hell is the only merciful solution for the lost souls. Passing by many sad spectacles of people from Hell, Lewis begins to understand, with the help of MacDonald, that these people must throw away everything and commit their lives to Christ. Whether a warning to or a reflection on society, the book stimulates thought and forces the reader to look inward at his or her own... ...ce too? Should not Christians weep over the lost? Should not we ask the Lord of the field to send laborers into His harvest (Luke 10:2)? Certainly! Lewis gives the reader a vivid account of how Heaven and Hell look like and what will happen once souls get there. I believe Lewis, through this book, was trying to show that people have a choice in whether or not they go to Heaven or Hell. People don't choose Hell with a full understanding of what they are doing. They don't have a clear picture of the eternal happiness they will miss or the everlasting separation and darkness they will endure. According to the Bible, Hell is a place of choice. As a result, the Bible repeatedly appeals to its readers to choose the way of life rather than the path of death and judgment. For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul? Or what will a man give in exchange for his soul (Mark 8:36,37)? So, what must one do in order to get to heaven? Jesus says in order to go to Heaven you must be born again (John 3:7). Lewis never comes out directly and tells them you must be saved. He does it in a way that leaves the reader thinking the only way is through Jesus Christ.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

When you read or watch Animal Farm, by George Orwell, you might think that it is only a science fiction book or movie, but if you study this deeper we can easily deduce that it is an analogy to the Russian Revolution. Even though most people do no see, Animal Farm is a book about the Russian Revolution, where each character represents an important personage and where the plot is based on what happen in that country, as anything in history, there are many lessons we can learn from this work of fiction. Old Major is a wise old pig who first makes the speech to the others animals, putting the idea of rebellion in their heads. It is important to note that he dies before the rebellion actually begins. His role compares with that of Karl Marx, whose ideas set the Communist Revolution in motion. However, some people may argue that it is Lenin that have the same traits of told Major because this animal is the one who actual brought the animalism to the farm as Lenin brought the communism to Russia. The pig Napoleon has dictatorial trait and we can see this when instead of debating with Snowball, he sets his dogs on him and continues to increase his personal power and privileges from that time on. Napoleon's character suggests that of Stalin and there are many acts that support this analogy, such as mass executions, like those of Stalin in the 1930's. Also he exiles Snowball just like Stalin did with Trotsky. Snowball is an energetic, brilliant leader. He's the one who successfully organizes the defense of the Farm. He's a good speaker with original ideas (the windmill). Snowball clearly is portraying the Soviet expatriate, Leon Trotsky. Trotsky was seen as Stalin's opponent for the leader of the Soviet Union and as a result Stalin expelled him. Trotsky was also viewed as a better leader than Stalin , and probably a more just one. The defense of the farm snowball made can be compared to Trotsky with the Red Army. Boxer believes in the Rebellion and in its Leader. His often says that "Napoleon is always right" and that "I [He] will work harder." His huge size and strength and his hard labor is what saves the Farm He finally collapses from age and overwork, and is sold for glue. This character symbolizes a part of the Russian population that worked and believed in the state.

Nothingness :: Creative Writing Short Stories

Nothingness The wall appears to be chiseled from one large block of marble. As if the Gods themselves found a piece of black marble large enough to cover an area apparently the size of Kansas. In fact the Gods themselves did, for this is the wall of Asgaard, realm of the Gods. Seated amidst mountains of mist and covering fully half of existence, the city of the Norse dead is surrounded by this towering wall of rough black marble. From the mountains, a stone paved path winds down to the foot of the wall. On the path a group of figures are descending its flagstones, working their way to the foot of an immense silver gate, that stands ajar, opening the way for any travelers. The gate is a delicate appearing mesh of shining sliver; if closed, even Thor could not force it open. He has tried. It must be that strong, it guards the only path between the land of the living and the land of the dead. Approximately forty souls are approaching the gate; one leads. She is a large woman, with long blonde hair braided down her back. Her white robes flow around her, giving the appearance of reality and solidity, an odd sight in the spirit world. Turning to those who follow her she focuses her gaze on each in turn,  ³No matter what happens, do not go through the gate. Only the Seekers may go through. You are not prepared for what will be on the other side. ² Her followers do not react, those whose eyes are open are more interested in the terrain. The majority of the people appear to be sleeping, their faces are relaxed and their eyes are closed. Of those whose eyes are open, only a few are awake and alert. Two are especially noteworthy. One is a tall youth with shoulder length blonde hair, the other is sightly shorter, with long curly dark brown hair. He is wearing a kilt and a short, ceremonial sword at his belt. The blonde lad is standing still, absorbing his surroundings with a passion. He seems to be looking for something.

Problems with Solutions for Practice in Factoring – by Rahul Krishna

FACTORING – PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 1. [pic] [pic] 2. A company is considering engaging a factor, the following information is available: i) The current average collection period for the Company’s debtors is 80 days and ? % of debtors default. The factor has agreed o pay money due after 60 days and will take the responsibility of any loss on account of bad debts. ii) The annual charge for the factoring is 2% of turnover payable annually in arrears. Administration cost saving is likely to be Rs. 1,00,000 per annum. iii) Annual sales, all on credit, are Rs. ,00,00,000. Variable cost is 80% of sales price. The Company’s cost of borrowing is 15% per annum. Assume the year is consisting of 365 days. Should the Company enter into a factoring agreement? [pic] 3. MSN Ltd. has total sales of Rs. 4. 50 crores and its average collection period is 120 days. The past experience indicates that bad debt losses are 2 percent on sales. The expenditure incurred by the company in admi nistering its receivable collection efforts are Rs. 6,00,000. A Factor is prepared to buy the company’s receivables by charging 2 percent commission. The factor will pay advance on receivables to the company at an interest rate of 18 percent per annum after withholding 10 percent as reserve. You are required to calculate effective cost of factoring to the company. [pic] [pic] 4. The turnover of PQR Ltd. is Rs. 120 lakhs of which 75 per cent is on credit. The variable cost ratio is 80 per cent. The credit terms are 2/10, net 30. On the current level of sales, the bad debts are 1 per cent. The company spends Rs. 1,20,000 per annum on administering its credit sales. The cost includes salaries of staff who handle credit checking, collection etc. These are avoidable costs. The past experience indicates that 60 per cent of the customers avail of the cash discount, the remaining customers pay on an average 60 days after the date of sale. The Book debts (receivable) of the company are presently being financed in the ratio of 1 : 1 by a mix of bank borrowings and owned funds which cost per annum 15 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. A factoring firm has offered to buy the firm’s receivables. The main elements of such deal structured by the factor are: (i) Factor reserve, 12 per cent (ii) Guaranteed payment, 25 days (iii) Interest charges, 15 per cent, and (iv) Commission 4 per cent of the value of receivables. Assume 360 days in a year. What advise would you give to PQR Ltd. – whether to continue with the in house management of receivables or accept the factoring firm’s offer? [pic][pic] 5. A firm has a total sales of Rs. 12,00,000 and its average collection period is 90 days. The past experience indicates that bad debt losses are 1. 5% on sales. The expenditure incurred by the firm in administering receivable collection efforts are Rs. 50,000. A factor is prepared to buy the firm’s receivables by charging 2% commission. The factor will pay advance on receivables to the firm at an interest rate of 16% p. a. after withholding 10% as reserve. Calculate effective cost of factoring to the firm. Assume 360 days in a year. [pic][pic] 6. The credit sales and receivables of M/s M Ltd. at the end of the year are estimated at Rs. 3,74,00,000 and Rs. 46,00,000 respectively. The average variable overdraft interest rate is 5%. M Ltd. is considering a proposal for factoring its debts on a non-recourse basis at an annual fee of 3% on credit sales. As a result, M Ltd. will save Rs. 1,00,000 per year in administrative cost and Rs. 3,50,000 as bad debts. The factor will maintain a receivables collection period of 30 days and advance 80% of the face value thereof at an annual interest rate of 7%. Evaluate the viability of the proposal. Note: 365 days are to be taken in a year for the purpose of calculation of receivables[pic][pic] 7. Junio Limited is a small manufacturing company which is suffering cash flow problems. The company already utilizes its maximum overdraft facility. Junio Limited sells an average of Rs. 4,00,000 of goods per month at invoice value, and customers are allowed 40 days to pay from the date of invoice. Two possible solutions to the company’s cash flow problems have been suggested. They are as follows: †¢ Option 1: Junio Limited would factor its trade debts. A factor has been found who would advance Junio Limited’s 75 percent of the value of the invoices immediately on receipt of the invoices, at an interest rate of 10 percent per annum. The factor would also charge a service fee amounting to 2 percent of the total invoices. As a result of using the factor, Junio Limited would save administration costs estimated at Rs. 5,000 per month. †¢ Option 2: The company could offer a cash discount to customers for prompt payment. It has been suggested that customers could be offered a 2% discount for payments made within ten days of invoicing. You are required to: (a) Discuss the issues that should be considered by management when a policy for credit control is formulated. (b) Identify the services that may be provided by factoring organizations. (c) Calculate the annual net cost (in Rs. ) of the proposed factoring agreement. (d) Compute the annualized cost (in percentage terms) of offering a cash discount to customers. (e) Discuss the merits and demerits of the two proposals. (a) Policy for Credit Control for Junio Limited (a) When a policy is being formulated, management should consider the following issues: i) The average period of credit to be given. Whether this should be longer than average to encourage sales or less than average, to speed up sales. (ii) Policy for making decisions on granting credit to individual customers: †¢ How customers are to be investigated for creditworthiness? (e. g. by direct assessment by the company, or indirect assessment using credit references from banks, or other assessment agenc ies) †¢ How the amount and timing of credit is to be decided? (e. g. whether credit is to be increased progressively). (iii) Debt collection policies: Whether to employ specific people for this work. Issue of debtors’ statements, reminder letters, whether and when to make use of professional debt collectors and when to consider legal action. (iv) Accounting reports required: Aged debtors lists etc. (v) Polices on persuading debtors to pay promptly: Discount schemes. (vi) Whether to make use of factoring services. For all the above, it will be necessary to consider the costs and benefits of the alternative course of action. This will include considerations on how credit is to be financed. (b) A factor normally manages the debts owed to a client on the client’s behalf. Services Provided by Factoring Organisations i) Administration of the client’s invoicing, sales accounting and debt collection service. (ii) Credit protection for the client’s debts, whereby the factor takes over the risk of loss from bad debts and so ‘insures’ the client against such losses. The factor may purchase these debts ‘without recourse’ to the client, wh ich means that if the client’s debtors do not pay what they owe, the factor will not ask for the money back from the client. (iii) ‘Factor finance’ may be provided, the factor advancing cash to the client against outstanding debts. The factor may advance up to 85 percent of approved debts from the date of invoice. iv) A confidentiality agreement may be offered to conceal the existence of the arrangement from customers. (c) Calculation of Annual Cost of Factoring It is assumed that the factor finance will not replace any existing credit lines, and therefore, the full interest cost of the agreement will be relevant when determining the cost of factoring. Annual Sales = Rs. 4,00,000 ? 12 = Rs. 48,00,000 Daily Sales = Rs. 48,00,000/365 = Rs. 13,151 The annual cost of factoring can now be found: [pic] [pic] (e) Key Issues in the Discounting Option (i) The proposal is expensive. The company should be able to get cheaper overdraft finance than this, and longer-term debt should cost even less. (ii) The company may need to offer a discount in order to make its terms competitive with other firms in the industry. (i) The level of take-up among customers is uncertain, and will affect the cash flow position. (ii) Problems may arise when customers take both the discount and the full forty day credit period. This will increase administrative costs in seeking repayment. Key Issues in the Factoring Option (i) The factor may be able to exercise better credit control than is possible in a small company. ii) The amount of finance that will be received is much more certain than for the discounting option as 75 percent of the value of the invoices will be provided immediately. (iii) The relationship with the customers may deteriorate partly due to the reduction in the level of contract with the company, and partly due to the historical view of the factor as the lender of la st resort. Thus, the final decision must take into consideration all the above issues. However, the most important points to consider are the ability of each proposal to meet the financing requirements, and the relative costs of the different sources of finance.

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nurses

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nursing Practice The first position paper calling for baccalaureate degree as the minimum requirement for entry into professional nursing was released in 1965 by the American Nurses Association. This stimulates an ongoing frustrating debate among nurses. The Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, nursing is the largest healthcare profession with 2. 5 million jobs and is projected to generate 587,000 more jobs between 2006-2016. Despite strength in numbers nurses are the least educated of all the interdisciplinary healthcare team members with whom they collaborate. Teams consist of physicians’ pharmacists, speech pathologists, and physical and occupational therapists. Patients are living longer than expected and health care providers need the ability to think critically and provide health care services at levels never before imagined. Each of these disciplines recognized the importance of higher education to deliver appropriate patient care. The health care industry is changing rapidly. Because of advances in medicine, technology and lifesaving techniques. Patients have a better chance of surviving traumatic injury, life threatening disease processes, and delicate surgical procedures that ever before. Results of various studies suggest baccalaureate prepared nurses are more likely to demonstrate professional behaviors important to patient safety. RN’s educated at baccalaureate level or above have lower risk adjusted mortality rates and lower rates of failure to rescue. The failure to rescue relates to deaths in patients with serious complications. Nursing is a knowledge based profession. Researchers have found perceived differences that are particularly related to education. These differences are perceived to be related to nurses with bachelor’s degrees: †¢Greater critical thinking skills †¢Less task oriented †¢More professionalism †¢Stronger leadership skills †¢More focused on continuity of care and outcome †¢More focus on psychosocial components, communication and patient teaching. It is important to me for nursing to represent a credible profession that roduces the best independent critical thinking healthcare professionals that provide safe, quality patient care. It is important for nursing leaders and managers when evaluating patient outcomes as they relate to educational levels of nurses. Current research by Linda Aiken found that patient outcomes are related to educational levels of RN’s. The results of Aiken’s research also found that a 10% increase in nurses with BSN degrees caring for the patients decreased the risk of patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. Everyone in the healthcare system would benefit from improved patient outcomes. Educational mobility to the BSN level is important to positive outcomes, creation of a reliable professional identity and unity among nurses. I believe the salaries of nurses are directly tied to our educational status. More agencies should utilize the human resources departments to develop tuition reimbursement programs and promote higher education of their employees. Educational institutions should develop committees to perform research and look deeper in the nursing educational curriculum and provide surveys to obtain public opinion of nurse educational levels. A common finding from the articles addressed the fact that resources need to be redirected to support baccalaureate entry and end licensure at the associated degree and diploma levels. The on or begins in community colleges and end in four year degree granting institutions. The research included the need for funding to support community college and university collaborations. The development of an action plan for Professional Development is very important. Managers and leaders should include this process in performance improvement sessions and during coaching and counseling. Personal improvement of staff provides the promotion to a better position to assist others. Members of staff should consider returning to school, certification or credentialing, and participation on committees for educational advancement. A plan should be created to develop goals, review goals and action plans frequently, set timelines and commit to completion. Nurses must move further along the educational continuum and prepare a strong well educated workforce. RN’s are important to patient safety at any level of education and play a vital role in lowering mortality rates, preventing medical errors, and ensuring quality outcomes. Nurses with various levels of educational preparation will continue to practice for many years to come, but a decision about the future education of nurses needs to be made now. References Mark, B. , Salyer, J. , Wan, T. (2003) Professional nursing practice: impact on organizational and patient outcomes. JONA 33(4 ), 224-234. Goodin, H. ( 2004) The shortage in the united states of America: an integrative review of the literature Journal of Advanced Nursing 43 (4), 335-350. Nelson, M. (2002) Nursing practice: looking backward into the future. Online Journal of Nursing. 7 (2) 43-66.

Software Performance Engineering Techniques

Abstract— bettering public presentation of package, sites and services is a holy grail of package industry. A new attack for execution of Poka-Yoke method in package public presentation technology is proposed. Poka-Yoke is a error proofing technique used in merchandise design. The effectivity of Poka-Yoke in package development was evaluated utilizing two instance surveies: merchandise redesign mini-project given to six groups of pupils and a study of online services in the package industry. Both quantitative and qualitative rating was done. Our proposed five-step error proofing technique for package development utilizing Poka-Yoka rating demonstrated the effectivity. The consequences showed that an implementing Poka-Yoke technique improves the package development procedure. Arrested development analysis showed that Poka-Yoke has a greater impact on package quality that uses the current province of the art package development theoretical accounts. Improved UGAM tonss besides s howed one-dimensionality and justified Poka-Yoke execution. Our findings recommend use of techniques for error proofing for overall package public presentation. The purpose is to cut down mistakes in package development procedure. We are besides suggesting HQLS: a new attack for high quality in the big graduated table package development in this paper. Keywords- Poka-Yoke Principles, Performance, UGAM, Security, Quality, Mistake-proofing, Detection. I. Introduction In position of Mukesh Jain, across the Earth, end-user public presentation of the bulk of our online services, web sites and package applications is a affair of concern. Global and local rivals in the parts have led to fierce competition for relatively better public presentation than rival services. Slow services impacts on user experience, operational cost, mind-share, market portion and gross. Turning the tide on public presentation can hold existent impacts on any company’s underside line. One of the cardinal messages sent from the markets is that we need to make a better occupation of bettering public presentation of our sites and services globally. The public presentation of most of the sites and services in many instances lag. For illustration, in the US, on broadband connexion, MSN/Live Search takes 3 seconds to expose the consequences compared to Google’s 1.5 seconds and the Yahoo’s 2.5 seconds. For Search, we have seen that the longer it takes to lade the consequences page, the more people abandon the page ( i.e. Peoples typically begin go forthing a page after waiting 4 seconds, and more than 50 % of users abandon the page after waiting for 6 seconds ) . Site public presentation in states like India makes many merchandises about impossible to utilize. Recent proving showed that it takes around 40 seconds for person in India to login into Hotmail and see their letter boxs, while it takes merely 5 seconds when utilizing rival electronic mail merchandises like yahoo.co.in, rediffmail and Indiatimes. This may take to important loss in electronic mail market portion in India. The heat chart in the Table 2 reflects the comparative public presentation of the online services market. The tabular array shows the PLT [ Page-Load-Time ] in seconds for the user in each of the major states. We show the 75th percentile, intending that 75 % of minutess in the state are better than this figure, and 25 % are worse. The Numberss on the left are MSN. On the right is the â€Å" top † rival for that service in that market. Jain proposed a strategy and process to forestall and/or detect public presentation issues in clip for the merchandise technology squad to take action and repair them and forestall them from go oning. Users don’t like to wait for a page to lade. With nothing ( or really low ) exchanging cost, it is disputing for any service to retain the users with slow public presentation ( compared to the major rival in that market ) . If the service is slow one time in a piece – users may non detect and/or will non mind. But if it is systematically slow, it will impact their productiveness and they will look for faster options. The field of Poka-Yoke has a big sum of literature in merchandise design methods, package proving techniques, and direction ( M.Dudek Burlikowska et Al, 2009 ; Lawrence P Chao et Al, 2003 ; Harry Robinson, 1997, etc ) . These proposals are first-class presentations of how Poka-Yoke design methodological analysis can ensue in improved user-experience design and service public presentation with fewer defects in their several spheres. Unfortunately, major spreads between Poka-Yoke and SE continue to be in faculty members, literature, and industrial pattern. The following subdivision gives an overview of related work in Poka-Yoke. Sections 3 and 4 describe the proposals for package public presentation, technology and HQLS: a new attack for high quality in big graduated table package development. The Section 3 besides has qualitative ratings of package public presentation technology proposal. Sections 5 describe instance surveies that evaluated the architecture for HQLS and their findings. Section 6 draws decisions from the survey. II.STATE OF THE ART In recent old ages, research on using Poka Yoke in package has received much attending [ 7, 8, 9, and 10 ] . Harry Robinson introduced Poka-Yoke ( mistake-proofing ) into the Hewlett Packard’s package procedure and he claims they have been able to forestall literally 100s of package localisation defects from making their clients. As per Gojko Adzic, writer of Impact Mapping â€Å"software categories should non let us to continue and blow up when something goes incorrect. Exceptions can be an effectual manner of giving more certification, but the signal should be clean and unambiguous, in order non to misdirect users or client-developers. Software must be designed to forestall a complete clang, even in the face of system failure. Auto-save characteristics are a good illustration. It’s non frequently that the power gets cut, but when it does, our users will certainly appreciate that we saved most of their work† [ 11 ] . Much of the research focal point is for ZOC, quality control, placing defects. However, the restriction that associated research brings is non using Poka- Yoke in entireness. III.PROPOSAL FOR SOFTWARE PERFORMANCE Technology Here are the Poka-Yoke based 5 stairss ( theoretical account ) we can accommodate ( in parts or full ) to Prevent and/or Detect public presentation jobs at the right clip and repair it as depicted in the Table 1 [ 18 ] . A.Focus/Strategy The first measure for this would be to include public presentation as portion of the scheme and focal point. Sing public presentation as Key portion of the deliverable is of import. â€Å"Like security & A ; handiness, we should see public presentation as built-in portion of any characteristic. Performance can non be an afterthought- If we do non concentrate public presentation from the get downing – it might be excessively late to repair it and in some instances we might lose the opportunity† . B.Approach The attack to plan and development makes a important difference towards the exposure of the procedure for public presentation issues. This is the 1 of a bar type of mistake-proofing solution. The design methodological analysis and the development procedure can forestall many sorts of public presentation jobs. This is the 1 of a bar type of mistake-proofing solution replacing manual work with an machine-controlled tool can salvage resources and enhances the quality of the merchandise. C.Testing ( Verification & A ; Validation ) Testing for public presentation will be of import here. Performance should non be considered as a separate characteristic – it should be portion of each and every characteristic and scenario, usage instance. â€Å" TEST PASS IS INCOMPLETE without PERFORMANCE Testing † . Testing demands to be performed based on the â€Å" End-user † scenes. The Majority of the people have slower machines than what Jain squad uses in Microsoft. D.Monitoring/Measurement ( Detection ) For all the sites that are unrecorded in production, we need to hold monitoring/measurements in topographic point to be able to supervise public presentation tendencies and detect/report issues. This sensing method does nil to forestall the public presentation impact from go oning. Alternatively, it aims to happen the public presentation job at the earliest chance in order to minimise the harm. With this mistake-proofing solution, the right job is detected and reported at the right clip to the right people. The monitoring system ( webHancer, SQM, WebWatson, etc. ) can mensurate public presentation at the end-user and study it back to Microsoft. An alarming system can be built on top of it that can hold concern rules/criteria for observing public presentation forms ( for cardinal user scenarios ) and study to the appropriate people. Example: Business Scenario for measuring of Quality of Service can be explained in different types like absolute measuring, comparative measuring and competitory measuring. This mistake-proofing solution does nil to forestall the public presentation job from go oning. However, agencies are provided to minimise the impact of any public presentation issue. By this clip the bulk of the people would understand the importance of Performance and how they can lend to better the same.

Murder: Crime and East West Highway Essay

Nowadays lots of people commit crime, some of them steal, hack information other rape or kidnap but the most awful crime is to murder, society consider murdering the most aggressive act. In most countries people convicted of murder is given a long prison sentence and possibly a life time sentence and in some countries death penalty. In fact, there are many reasons that lead a person to murder which include psychological problems, mental illness, their past and passion First of all, most murders are people with psychological issues that lead them to commit such crimes. ome of them do it just for the pleasure as seeing blood and people suffering makes them happy and people like these are without emotion and sensitivity, this case is considered as a disease called psychopath these criminal are cold-blooded, have no mercy, no feelings toward their victims they are capable to kill without any regrets. One criminal said: â€Å"that if rape were legalized, he wouldn’t do it, but he declared that he would certainly do something else that was just as exciting and forbidden and he identified his self as someone that thirst for excitement and a buildup at the expense of others. No matter what the laws, mores, and customs of a particular society are, he will violate them and leave a trail of injury behind ’’. in addition ted Bundy a psychopath criminal said: â€Å"I just liked to kill, I wanted to kill. † These people make their own decision and are pretty sure about it and do it as it was the right thing to do. Furthermore John Gacy, called his victims: â€Å"worthless little queers and punks,† while the â€Å"Yorkshire Ripper† Peter Sutcliffe brashly declared that he was â€Å"cleaning up the streets† of the human trash. As if their act seems totally fair and killing these is people for the good of the society( Pincus, Jonathan H.  What makes killer kill? N. Y: Norton and company. Inc. , 2001. Web. 11 June 2013. ) In the 19th century psychopath people were considered to be moral insane and with anti social behavior, lack of conscience and emotional vacuity. Dealing with these criminal punishments rarely works with them because they are fearless of the consequences and impulsive by nature. Studies has shown that 60% of psychopathic had lost a parent, thus when he was a child he was deprived of love or nurturing, parents were divorced or absent, inconsistent discipline if the father was very strict and the mother was soft and gentle, the child earns to refuse authority and manipulate his mother. All these issues combined together can lead to psychopath people. In addition to psychopath criminals there are people with bipolar disorder. This issue was used constantly in the court to avoid capital punishment or life time sentence as the criminal claim to suffer from bipolarity and is considered as insane to avoid the consequences of his act. But lately the law refused to consider bipolar people as legally insane. People suffering with bipolarity are people that when committing crime are unconscious about their act, and are known to have 2 different personality, one that fit with the value and norms of the society and act as a normal people but when anger and depression take place, an awful and aggressive personality appear and can lead the person the commit a crime due to shifts in mood, thinking, energy and behavior. However the causes of bipolarity until now aren’t clear enough but it often runs in the family and begins with teenagers. As we notice the causes of bipolarity and psychopath are sometimes due to the child past. The childhood of a kid is very important, the environment where he was raised, how his parents raised him, if he had a proper education all these aspect forms a person personality. In addition people with mental illness such as schizophrenia are people that hear voices in their heads, and hallucination is very common in their cases, this problem can lead to lose conscious and always be afraid especially when hearing voices coming out of their body and seeing unreal objects and people, by the time these people begin to believe unrealistic ideas and lots of other issues such as lack of affect, disorder thoughts †¦living a long time with this problem can confuse these people between the reality and the illusion that they are having leading them to suicide or killing people around them . urthermore some people suffer from what is called anti social personality disorder , usually when they are young these people are considered as shy ,and avoid interaction due to an intense fear of rejection . by growing up these people begin to feel really lonely and depressed and having social anxiety disorder that can lead them to murder . As we mentioned a child past has a major role in building up a person personality, unfortunate lots of children are not given the proper education and grow with lack of social problems that lead them to murder and commit crimes later on such as child abuse and a miserable childhood. Many people were abused when they were children. In fact there are many causes that lead to child abuse such as poverty, marital discord ,domestic violence, social isolation †¦thus in some cases the parents don’t have the right education and skills needed to raise a child , providing bad parental model for future generations . n addition most violated and abused children are likely to have lack of problems such as anxiety , depression , truancy , shame and guilt and all these problems with time can lead to suicide or to a future criminal , a murder with no feelings no regret no emotions this child will engage later on in criminal activity , promiscuity and substance abuse like drugs and alcoho l. ( National Association of School Psychologists. East West Highway: n. p. , 2011. N. page. Web. 11 June 2013) Furthermore the family structure is very important. Children living only with their fathers were more likely to endure the highest incidence rates of physical abuse, emotional and educational neglect, also children that their parents were fighting all the time or separated these aspect influence a lot a young child and affect later on his social life negatively and by time the child growth hate and detest is all he know , seeing his parents fighting all the time lead him to act like that in the society fearless , with vengeance and no proper behavior , always break the rules have no manners and respect the norms and value of his society . These kids with improper education are most likely to become murderers due to their miserable background and how they were treated. According to Diana J. English: â€Å"the stress that comes with poverty may predispose the parents to use corporal punishment that may lead to physical abuse†. However in some cases the family status is pretty well organized, the child is raised in a good family and his parents want the best for him, but unfortunately the child affected by his environment, living in the suburbs with his delinquent friends that pressure on him, and force him to make foolish things, and break the rules like skipping school, steal from the shop especially that children like these are raised in a poor family and a miserable place. In case like these the parents are not to blame they were giving him the right education but it’s his own choice that he made to live this life that he fined it exciting a life where he can do whatever he wants to, break the rules, ignore restraints and begin to lie to his parents and turn again his family, disrespect the norms and value of the society, with wicked and violent teenagers. Many young boys and girls defy their parents begin to lie, and fight always with them . in cases like that the child as the criminal is a dynamic and ironic kid, seeks for the adventure, take risks and always fall in trouble, once forgiven this attitude and acts begin to happen constantly and always demand to be forgiven every time and refused to be punished or follow the rules. No matter how hard his parents try to teach him the proper life style of a teenagers screaming and fighting take place all over the house. Most parents thinks that it could be an unstable stage were the teenager begin to discover his self, goes out, interact with the outside society and begin to have some liberty and make his own choices , hoping that this stage will end and their child will get back to reality and act properly . ut with the peer pressure and the environment where this child is living doesn’t help him too much in fact it makes things worse especially when parents begins to lose hope and try to make the impossible to stop their child of breaking the rules , reduce his pocket money , take his car away †¦ but the child remain unaffected, unmoved as a result he begin to steal the car , steal money and enroll his self in criminal activities with his friends . he past of a child is very important; how the family status was ,if he received a good and proper educ ation or not , where he lived , who were his friend , what problems he had †¦everything is related . Bad parenting and awful childhood can lead to a future criminal. Not to forget traumatized children is also a main cause that can affect children negatively and lead them to involve in criminal activities. Children exposed to crisis events such as acts of violence or death of a friend or family member is an unusual situation to the kid and really affect him. Seeing the kid one of his parents dying in front of him shot by someone, car accident, and even sometime own suicide and in case of acts of violence for example a father that always beat his kids and wife would harm a lot the child personality and causes to an aggressive attitude later on. The severe shock that the child was exposed to lead to lots of crying, confusion, anger, sadness, fear †¦ in some cases those reactions are temporally but if he is left untreated these problems could affect the child negatively in the future and this anger and revenge in the child mind can involves him to murder. Moreover when people with a clean profile and background murder someone, that means crime of passion took place, this type of murder is usually unplanned, happens suddenly. It refers to a crime in which the erpetrator commits an assault or a murder, against someone because of a sudden strong impulse such as a jealous rage or heartbreak rather than as a premeditated crime. For example a man walks into his room and find on his wife and her lover having a relationship, anger and jealousy take place and then the man shoots them both. And sometimes due to ended relationship where one side is heartbroken and cannot accept the idea of his lover separated from him or with anoth er person. As a famous quote say: â€Å"too much love can hurt you â€Å"that’s the case. In addition another type of passion crime is passion of motherhood where a mother kills her husband that is willing to kill his daughter. In some countries women are useless and rejected from the society, and when a girl is born the man disappointed, hoping to have a boy so he can carry on the family business and inherit his property to him later on. The man try the kill his daughter and as a result his wife trying to stop him ended up by killing her husband this type of murder is called passion of a motherhood that is trying to protect her daughter . Furthermore lots of crime rape end up by someone killed in case the women manage to kill the person who was trying to rape her its considered as passion crime of dignity to preserve her rights she was forced to murder. In fact, Texas is known as the highest rate of crime passion, however the juries sympathize most with crimes of passion, they take into consideration that the act of murder was due to a sudden shock, rage and jealousy and if there was no intent or planning killing the victim the charges dropped to man slaughter. To sum up there are many reasons behind murdering, many crimes happen every day, but what are the causes behind these murders? Some criminals commit such crime just for the pleasure and thirst of excitement others do it unconsciously these types of people are considered people with mental illness and lots psychological problems such as psychopath, bipolarity and mental illness however in other cases such as passion the act of killing is spontaneous , unplanned due to jealousy, anger and heartbreak .