Tools of the Old and New Stone Age essays

Devices of the Old and New Stone Age expositions Apparatuses of the Old and New Stone Age is a book composed by Jacques Bordaz, the Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Montreal. The book by and large worries about the employments of old apparatuses, just as the assembling of these devices. The book is brimming with data, nearly to a point were the peruser will feel stalled with realities as they read. Early individuals who examined the apparatuses, of the Stone Age, first had the strange conviction that these devices were made by lightning strikes. Many guaranteed they discovered such apparatuses at careful areas were lightning struck. The instruments got known as Thunderstones. Afterward, early researchers renamed them ceraunias from the Greek word, keraunos, which means thunderclap. Obviously new proof has everything except vanquished these convictions. The timeframe this book is worried about is the, what geologists call the Quaternary time frame. It is separated into the Pleistocene, and Holocene. Archeologists characterize these periods into the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), and the Neolithic (New Stone Age). The primary spotlight being on the Paleolithic is again separated into lower, center, and upper periods. Every single one of these divisions is described by significant kinds of hardware chipping procedures. The apparatuses of the Stone Age comprised of stone, yet in addition bone, horn, and wood. Bone and prong were a harder material to work with; they regularly didn't utilize a lot of detail when forming instruments out of these materials. They were commonly generally formed, or in many cases, there was no change utilized, particularly with sharp-pointed horns, which made incredible weapons. The main capacity for man to really develop devices takes a gander at Bipedalism, which is the capacity to walk upstanding. This liberated the upper appendages from crafted by motion, leaving just the lower appendages for this. With the capacity to stroll on exclusively the lower appendages, it left the up... <!

Earth Science Essay

Stars are one of the divine bodies found in the nearby planetary group. Such heavenly item creates warmth, light, and various types of radiations, for example, x-beams and bright beams brought about by its infinite vitality motors. All stars are comprised of gas, plasma, and matters included subatomic particles that are incredibly warmed. From the earth, it might create the impression that stars are close a result of their brilliance sparkling over. In any case, stars are exceptionally far away that a large portion of the researchers need to create strategies so as to figure their separation. Two of the most eminent strategies are the parallax method and the utilization of Cepheid variable (National Geographic, 2008). The parallax method is utilized so as to recognize the separation of the stars that are nearest to the earth. Because of the unrest of the earth to the sun, the stars that are close to the earth shifts position against the stars that are in more remote positions. These adjustments in the situation of the close by stars are known as the parallax move. The parallax strategy works by watching the separation of the moving procedure and deciding the earth’s circle distance across. From that point, cosmologists can decide the parallax edge of the star’s separation. The fundamental rule behind the strategy is that â€Å"the littler the parallax move, the more remote away the star is from the earth† (Windows to the Universe Team, 2000, n. p. ). Such strategy is just pertinent for stars that are inside the scope of not many hundred light a very long time from earth. Along these lines, when stars surpass the given range, the parallax move could be too little to ever be estimated through this procedure (Windows to the Universe Team, 2000). For the incalculable inaccessible stars that are in the range past 100 light years and are in groups found in an alternate world, the estimation is recognized through the star’s property known as Cepheid variable. Stars that have this property experience a fixed cycle where they get more brilliant and dimmer. This property is normal among stars that are in â€Å"old age† (Berger, 2002, n. p. ). In view of their wealth in space, stargazers measure their separation by deciding the quantity of cycle when stars are splendid (Berger, 2002). There are numerous approaches to quantify the separation of the stars. It might be gotten from the stars ghastly properties, temperature, splendor, and iridescence. As a result of the significant endeavors in improving the estimations of the separations of the stars, different ways are additionally figured so as to decide the infinite separation of other heavenly bodies present in the sky. References Berger, W. H. (2002). Estimating separation to the stars. In Intro to Astronomy: Discussion of the Field of Astronomy, University of California, San Diego. Recovered September 17, 2008 from http://earthguide. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/ita/06_3. shtml. National Geographic. (2008). Stars. Recovered September 17, 2008 from http://science. nationalgeographic. com/science/space/universe/stars-article. html Windows to the Universe Team. (2000, September). How do stargazers measure the separation to stars? Is it precise? College Corporation For Atmospheric Research. Recovered September 17, 2008 from http://www. windows. ucar. edu/visit/link=/kids_space/star_dist. html.

This Isnt Goodbye

This Isn’t Goodbye “This isn’t goodbye, this is see you later!” I told my family as they left that Monday, August 26 from Parents Orientation. It was true. Family Weekend was only at the end of October, a mere 59 days, 4 hours, 32 minutes, and 53 seconds away. But who’s counting? In the mean time we stayed in minimal contact as I slowly matured into autonomous, independent adult. Just kidding! I still called my mom whenever I was sick. I still talked to my family every few days. But this isn’t a story about me finally being able to do laundry by myself or to know which medicine I should take for what symptoms. This is a story about how I survived Family Weekend. It was Friday, October 25th. My family was coming at 10am. I knew I had to wake up early enough to clean and prepare for their arrival, so I set my alarm for 8am. I woke up at 11. After throwing everything underneath my bed or in the closet, I put on my best MIT gear and made the ten-minute trek to campus. I met up with them at the Student Center my mom, my dad, and my three younger brothers. They had even brought my grandparents and my uncle from Costa Rica. I couldn’t wait to show them all around. During CPW, I was just as lost on the MIT campus as they were. But this time, I had already been here for two months. I knew how to navigate the academic buildings and where the different labs are. I had to find something that I could show them. Something that’s a perfect representation of MIT culture. So I showed them a 400lb grand piano plummeting seven stories to its death onto an equally bulky 400lb grand piano waiting on the grass. The massive crowd that gathered to watch the piano drop. Turns out the piano was filled with candy.  They called it a piañata.  People scurried to the crashed piano for the candy. My parents and I alongside one of my friends and his parents. Watching 800lbs of wood shatter, metal bend, and candy splatter sure builds up an appetite. Where should we have dinner? Some nice restaurant in Boston? Cambridge? Nah, my parents wanted Maseeh Dining. I didn’t blame them. When I first got here, I loved Maseeh Dining. I came from a high school that consisted of pizza, cold turkey sandwiches, and milk served in a tiny carton for lunch. Eating at Maseeh was like eating at a four star buffet on a broke college student’s budget. You walk in to chandeliers on the ceiling (or maybe I’m just imagining the chandeliers because of the regality of the place). I had told my parents again and again about Maseeh and how great it was, so that was naturally their choice of dinner. I used nearly all of my guest passes, but we managed to get all nine of us in there. I felt so bad for the chefs! We enjoyed ourselves to the plethora of lasagna, fries, burgers, salads, fruits, hot dogs, bread, cookies, orange juice, milk, and ice cream. Because of my meal plan, I had Maseeh nearly every day and it had become commonplace. However, my family still saw it as an amazingly wide selection of foods. Interestingly, that made me begin enjoying it again, even though I’ve had it nearly every day. After dinner, my family went off to attend one of MIT’s concerts and I went off to a meeting. On Saturday, I got up earlier. MUCH earlier. 8am early. They wanted to see my frat house. And I wanted to make sure it was clean. Our frat has the reputation of being one of the cleanest houses at MIT, and all of the brothers and pledges make sure it stays that way. We clean the house weekly, taking care of it and making sure everything is in order. Our frat was holding a small barbecue for Family Weekend. When my family arrived, they were greeted by some of the brothers and met several others while inside. I told my family about all the exciting things we did during Rush and during my first two months as a pledge. They also chatted it up with the parents of other Hispanic pledges in the frat. Speaking of Hispanic, it was time for Cena a las Seis (Dinner at Six for those without Google Translate), an annual Family Weekend event held by the Latino Cultural Center. It was semi-formal, and we enjoyed a “traditional Latino dinner with student performances and presentations, along with talks by representatives from the various different Hispanic student groups.” It was a lot of fun, and I even got a great picture. After Cena a las Seis, my family could’ve chosen just to go their hotel and call it a night, but, of course, I couldn’t let them leave without them seeing one of the most important parts of MIT Culture a cappella. So I took them to the Greater Boston Invitational Songest, an a cappella concert held in Kresge Auditorium. We were amused by the Muses, entertained by the Toons, and surprised by the Asymptones. They sang an a cappella version of The Fox by Ylvis. My personal favorite was the crossover between Badtameez Dil and Shakira’s Whenever, Wherever performed by the Ohms (Seriously, if any of you Ohms ever read this, that was amazing!). Badtameez Dil/Whenever, Wherever performed by MIT Ohms.  You can check out the other performaces I mentioned on my YouTube channel. Afterwards, we went back to my familys hotel room and watched Man of Steel. I had some nice talks with my parents and some bonding time with my brothers by playing the games we always used to play. We spent the next morning exploring Boston. Then we visited Harvard and walked around wearing our MIT gear. Family Weekend was coming to an end. When it finally came time for goodbyes, none of use felt too sad. Why? Because we knew that it wasnt goodbye. It was only see you later. Now theres only 9 days, 21 hours, 8 minutes, and 32 seconds until Thanksgiving.

Walt Disney Essay examples - 1366 Words

Dyslexia is inferior to determination, creativity, and passion. An exemplary display of this is Walt Disney. Walt Disney was born December 5, 1901, throughout his life Walt suffered from the disability, dyslexia (IMDb). Walt Disney used creativity, determination, innovation, and passion to overcome his disability and create one of the Worlds biggest and most well known attractions and characters. Walt Disney created â€Å"The Walt Disney Company† this extraordinary company includes a collection of theme parks such as Disney World and Disney Land and characters such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and so many more! Walt Disney is not only a role model to kids and adults, he is also a leader for the world. Therefore, when I was asked to think of a†¦show more content†¦I believe this little ordeal made Walt realize his passion and creativity in art, and interest in setting the bar high for the rest of his life. Immediately after, Walt’s interest in the arts made hi s determination unveil, for the second time Walt beat his disability, Walt set a goal for himself. Walt’s triumph against his disability caused him to peruse and follow through with his passion for art. Walt’s goal was eventually reached, when he got the acceptance letter in the mail to attend McKinley High School in Chicago, studying art and photography. I feel personally that doing something of such importance like overcoming a disability even if only two minor times, but in Walt’s case, two major times would set incentive for me to always try as hard as I could and be determined to do what I wanted to, and so did Walt. At the end of Walt’s high school glory days Walt in his third feat of defeating dyslexia set a goal and was determined to reach it. The goal was to serve his country. At first Walt enlisted to the military to serve, unfortunately, he was rejected because of his age. No, that didn’t stop Walt, he wasn’t going to be put down that easily instead Walt determined and did the next best thing joined the Red Cross and got sent to France to serve as an ambulance toShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney : The Disney1338 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Disney is famous for his animated movies through the 20th century. It all started in the 1920s with a series Walt Disney directed consisting of seven fairy tales. Walt Disney is most famously known for his character Mickey Mouse, which appears first in Steamboat Willie, in 1928. It was the first Disney cartoon to be produced with synchronized sound. From this, an empire was created. The Walt Disney Company still produces cartoons to this day, but how did we get to the movies children watch todayRead MoreWalt Disney : The Disney1647 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Walt Disney is known Walt Disney innovations include the first cartoons with synchronized sound, the first full-length animated feature film and, of course, the theme park. â€Å"Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the creator of Disneyland. Walter Elias Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Hermosa, Illinois. He and his brother Roy co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the best-knownRead MoreWalt Disney1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Walt Disney Company: The Entertainment King Case Analysis The Walt Disney Company is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. Disney is able to create sustainable profits due to its heterogeneity, inimitability, co-specialization and immense foresight. It also successfully uses synergy to create value across its many business units. After its founder Walter Disney s death, the company started to lose its ground and performance declined. Michael Eisner became CEORead MoreWalt Disney6486 Words   |  26 PagesMISSION STATEMENT Company Background The Walt Disney Company represents a truly immense organization composed of four strategic business units (SBUs) which are Disney Consumer Products, Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, and Media Networks Broadcasting, and these can be further subdivided into 28 categories and are composed of a plethora of brands. The only two fundamental commonalities that can be deduced upon inspection of the entirety of the Walt Disney Company’s holdings are entertainment andRead MoreWalt Disney Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago Illinois, to his father Elias Disney, and mother Flora Call Disney. Walt was one of five children, four boys and a girl. After Walts birth, the Disney family moved to Marceline Missouri, Walt lived most of his childhood here. Walt had very early interests in art, he would often sell drawings to neighbours to make extra money. He pursued his art career, byRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disney s Disney 1575 Words   |  7 PagesWalt Disney Thesis: Many of us enjoy Disney movies and theme parks, but not many of us know the story and life of Walt Disney himself. I.Early Life Birth Dec. 5, 1901, Chicago, Illinois Fourth Child Childhood 1. Loved drawing animals 2. Had Siblings 3. Moved Often C. Teenagehood School 2. World War I Red Cross Ambulance Corps II. Career Education Apprentice Cartoon Classes Jobs Paper Boy Film Ad Company Laugh-O-Gram Films, Inc. StudioRead MoreWalt Disney : The Disney Essay2088 Words   |  9 PagesA. The Walt Disney Background (Joceline Q.) The history of how The Walt Disney Company came to be started from a small individual who enjoyed drawing and used art as a way to escape reality, his name was Walt Disney. After the World War 1 ended, Disney went to Kansas City where he later created an animated company that went bankruptcy. Walt Disney moved to Hollywood where he met M.J Winkler a distributor, Disney become part of her production partner. (The Walt Disney Company) In 1927 Disney createdRead Morecsr of walt disney1098 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment CSR OF WALT DISNEY COMPANY â€Å" CSR is not a cosmetic, it must be rooted in our values, it must make a difference to the way we do our business† WALT DISNEY CO. The Walt Disney Company is one of the largest and most well-known corporations practicing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) all the way down the line in their business model. As the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world, and aside from its constant  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Imagineering†, Disney has a tremendous responsibilityRead More Walt Disney Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pages Walter Elias Disney nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At a time in American history when jobs were scarce and money was hard to come by, one mouse and his group of animated friends, with their comical antics brought smiles to the faces of children and adults alike. The mouse’s name was Mickey, and with his creation came the birth of a multibillion dollar corporate empire, all because of one man’s dream. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Walt Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 5, 1901, andRead MoreThe Walt Disney Corporation1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Corporation was founded in 1923 under the name Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio by brothers Walt and Roy Disney. The company brandished its current name in 1986 after the death of Walt Disney (1). This company like other large conglomerates has a vice grip on the flow of information that reaches consumers like you and me. Some people believe that having these corporations constricting our access to information leads to a generation of uninformed people, but in the day and age when anybody

Vipassana Meditation, Form by Plato, Socrates and Descartes Opinions Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Socrates famous quotation All I know is that I do not know is a very contradictory statement in which Socrates humbly states that despite having so much knowledge and wisdom he still believes that he does not know anything. This means that a human has very limited and concise knowledge, wisdom and morality and no matter how much one tries to grasp all the knowledge it is not possible as a person to absorb everything. Thus Socrates believes that irrespective of all the knowledge he possesses, he still does not know anything. This leads to self-questioning and judging one's self whether what we assume is actually true or just a vague illusion. Nothing was completely pure and perfect for Socrates. He believed that there was more to explore. Another perspective can be that Socrates was so ignorant that through this statement he meant that he at least he knew something if not everything (Miles, pg 165). This is a very contradictory statement and it is quite difficult to ascertain what h e really wanted to convey but personally I think that he knew a lot and wanted to learn more. We will write a custom essay sample on Vipassana Meditation, Form by Plato, Socrates and Descartes Opinions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Symbolic Interaction Theory Essay - 967 Words

The discussion in this paper outlines the significance of symbolic interaction theory as it can be helpful to analyze, critique, and understand interpersonal communication. The meanings assigned through symbols can be altered through an interpretive process which is directly related with the communication process. This interpretive process, therefore, highlights the importance of communication process for interaction with society. Symbolic interaction theory explains the ways in which family as a unit interacts with each other engaging in verbal and nonverbal communication. This theory uses the basic modes and symbols to communicate and convey or receive messages. The symbols humans use to interact are gestures, rules, words, and roles.†¦show more content†¦The symbols for interaction are both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. The purpose of communication is to convey messages across to others. This is a process that involves the sender and receiver of the message . By getting the message successfully, thoughts and ideas can be effectively conveyed. Such ideas and thoughts can be conveyed by speaking to other person, writing it or by explaining through symbols and signs. Verbal Communication occurs through speaking or exchange of words. It requires the usage of vocabulary, words, symbols, and numbers and is organized in sentences by using language. It is pertinent in mastering linguistic skills and is not reserved for the selected few but is a special skill that every one should develop to improve interactions and relationships. Everyone’s mind is continuously having thoughts and they are mostly with words listened to, spoken or written that have certain impact on people’s lives. They possess the power to create certain emotions and accordingly move people to take specific action. On delivering verbal communication clearly and accurately, an individual activates the mind and encourages the element of creativity (Holliday 122-140 ) Non-verbal Communication is used to convey thoughts or ideas through symbols, gestures, signs or facial expressions. Non-verbal communication is the process of transmitting messages without any spoken words, atShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Interaction Theory And Conflict Theory1943 Words   |  8 PagesSymbolic Interaction Theory and Conflict Theory Social work is one of the approaches in assisting people to adjust to society with its complex rules and structures, while it involves individuals and groups that struggle to survive. According to Rogers (2013), social work is not simple due to a variety of challenges, the human behavior being one of the most serious ones, as people do not have straightforward problems. In this respect, analysis and application of social theories facilitates the missionRead MoreThe Symbolic Interaction Theory and My Family1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Symbolic Interaction theory refers to ways in which a family or society attaches meaning to verbal communication, non-verbal communication, people, and objects. We are taught from a young age communication using verbal language and accepted ways to express our needs. The theory represents perception of objects or actions (Macionis, 2007, p.17). Members of a family learn what is acceptable within the family. We also can know through body language when a family member is stressed, angry, happyRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory By George Herbert Mead1122 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolic interaction theory emerged in the early 1900s and is still one of the more frequently used theories in the family studies (Smith Hamon, 2012). The theory assumes that people have different interpretations of situations due to their personal experiences (Smith Hamon, 2012). By looking at the behaviors of individuals, symbolic interaction theory explains how multiple people have different reactions to the same situation (Smith Hamon, 2012). Four principal scholars explored the symbolicRead MoreThe Use Of Symbolic Interaction And Dramaturgical Theory Perspective Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesSaint Leo University Social Interaction SOC-332-CL01 Mr. Adams 5 October 2014 Erving Goffman was a sociologist known for developing the symbolic interaction and dramaturgical theory perspective. The dramaturgical theory is a social psychological perspective that studies human behavior and social interaction in terms of the analogy of the theater. This perspective is also related to symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism is a theory based on interaction and communication, facilitatedRead MoreSymbolic Interaction: My Favorite Sociological Theory1235 Words   |  5 PagesMy Favorite Sociological Theory Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note My Favorite Sociological Theory There were several theories that I found interesting as a part of the course, yet the theory that I connected with most personally was Symbolic Interaction. This theory was established first by George Herbert Mead, who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism first. The theory has been present in the field of sociology for several decades, and after the death of MeadRead MoreHistory And Development Of Mead s Symbolic Interaction Theory951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Development of Mead’s Symbolic Interaction Theory George Herbert Mead’s theory, which â€Å"centers on the relationships between symbols and interactions between people using these symbols,† best known today as the Symbolic Interaction Theory, was first published in 1934 (West, 2014, pg. 73). In today’s society, symbols have many meanings and the interpretations we draw from them can be positive or negative. The way we interpret these meanings influence how we act on a daily basis as MeadRead MoreSociological Theories, Conflict, Structural Functionalism And Symbolic Interaction1588 Words   |  7 Pagesby parents were with â€Å"personal weapons,† such as choking, beating, or drowning. Caucasian men and women between the age of 20 to 30 middle and lower class parents are likely to commit filicide. Three sociological theories, conflict, structural functionalism and symbolic interaction explain the different aspects of the family institution and the problem of why these types of crime occur. Observatio n of the family, not just the infant may detect a problem before it turns into a criminal act. TheRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pages By utilizing the different the three main sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religionRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory : The Looking Glass Self And Romantic Relationships1126 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolic Interaction is a sociological perspective that has influenced numerous areas in the sociological field. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that societies create and develop through social interaction with others. Symbolic interaction theory has greatly impacted our world. This theory helps one understand how individuals shape their own reality and create norms. This essay focuses on the symbolic interaction theory through the looking-glass-self and romantic relationships. Read MoreLabeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It1000 Words   |  4 PagesLabeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It means that deviance is not a natural tendency of an individual, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms. The theory is based off how people tend to own up to what society claims them to be. The theory came about during the 1960s and 1970s. A lot of the theory’s symptoms are still noticeable today. Labeling theory

System Leading To Improvement Performance â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The System Leading To Improvement Of Its Performance? Answer: Introducation Currently, there is no proper channel for dealing with hazards in the company since one person is not in a position to address the emerging issues in different sectors in the firm. Therefore, the company has recorded a number of hazardous injuries in its daily operations. In fact, lack of proper monitoring system has forced the operational manager to conduct manual supervision which is tedious and time-consuming in the long run. Absenteeism There are rampant cases of absenteeism in the company, and this is triggered by lack of morale among the employees and poor working environment which has resulted in poor health safety. Therefore, most employees fears for their health and thus, lowering the company productivity as well as destroying cultivate and long term work relationship. Storage Problems and Challenges Although the unwanted chemicals in the store have been separated and eliminated, the major problem is that there is no proper channel of removing the leftovers from the leading store. Additionally, some of the products are supplied in bulky and thus, affecting the transportation and lifting operations. Lack of stress mats for the operators in the cash office also poses a major challenge and therefore, the workers in the office have to tolerant standing on the floors made of concrete for more than seven hours. Lack of Staff Training Another essential problem in the company is that there is no proper training, supervision as well as cost control in accordance with workers health safety in the enterprise. Extensively, there is little usage and emphasis on the personal protective devices and equipment among staff members. Therefore, workers have the risk of suffering from disorders such as eye problems and earing related challenges. The storeroom too lacks precautionary posters and alarms for emergency as well as visible and outlined work safety procedures. In fact, the primary cause of this issue is lack of induction and staff noticeboard for informing the workers on the safety measures and induction process for new employees. Another fundamental problem faced by the company is the way of balancing the bad press and the health safety to ensure that the public doesnt tarnish the firm. This issue arises due to the expansion plan which the company management has put in place. Therefore, the worry is the legal responsibility and framework of curbing the issues and handling the hazardous substances. Exploring Possible Solutions Currently, the company is facing a crisis as far as the absenteeism is concerned and therefore, there is need to work on it in the meantime. The possible remedy to the crisis is to initiate motivation related programs at the department levels. The motivation roles may include and not limited to the cash award, promotions, and scholarships for the top performers for each sector. Secondly, lack of proper training is an immerse issue which one cannot underrate based on the impact which it has on the productivity. Most staffs are not well conversant with the existing company safety and precautions, and thus, there is need to work on the possible remedy to the crisis which will entail proper orientation of new staff as well as educating members on the safety measures and their impacts on the individual health. Conclusions and Recommendations In conclusion, Pitstop firm has reported great and significant transformation and high productivity in the last five years. However, the major challenge is that the company still faces pertinent problems which are not limited to legal operation measures, management crisis as well as brand image and related environmental challenges. The key recommendations which one can table for consideration to the general manager on WHS include One, introducing Health Safety practices in the company by advocating for compliance with the regulations set by St. John's ambulance which includes training staff on how to adhere to the safety measures. Some of the safety measure which includes having first kits, installation of emergency buttons as well as strict adherence to the work procedures. Furthermore, it is important to integrate current management systems using WHSMS channels. The policies include combining Pitstop management laws with ISS buyout stores and this aims at adopting alternative measures which are more efficient but less expensive. Finally, it worth recommending the National Safety Council of Australia to come on board and educate managers on how to handle the WHS obligation and responsibilities since the training will offer the company an opportunity to improve on health care and thus, increasing productivity. Recommendation Improvement of the WHS Management System Due to the growing and development of new Pitstop Pty Ltd brunches, a larger number of populations get employed to work at the company in various sectors. The company employee's diverse group of people ranging from nationality, gender age as well as race. Therefore, the industry plays a vital role in driving the economy of the country. However, due to the emergence of new Pitstop Pty Ltd brunches, employment of large group of people as well as the establishment of new management, several changes should be made to help protect the worker health and safety hence preventing unnecessary injuries and death. Therefore, the following recommendation should be put in place to help reduces damages, injuries and losses by Pitstop Pty Ltd and ensures that there is an improvement of the WHS management system. Consultation Pitstop Pty Ltd should ensure that there is consultation between the company leadership and the employee so that effective management of the work health and safety can be employed within the organization. The firm should ensure that there is continuous consultation with the employee because the process enables the workers to contribute their opinion about how the implementation of the safety practices as well as different system design to make health, safety as well as the welfare of the employee is taken into consideration. Involvement of employees in various levels plays a vital role in making sure that there is a safe working place. Moreover, Pitstop Pty Ltd should ensure that relevant information about health; safety and welfare of workers are shared using effective channels that can reach everybody within the firm. The employee should be given the opportunity to express their opinion as well as making timely contribution to the resolution concerning workers health, safety, and welfare in the workplace. The primary procedure for consultation should be conducted in accordance with health and safety representatives which is in line with 2011 worker health and safety act Training and Proficiency The Pitstop Pty Ltd in discussion with the employees should come up with training needs in line with competently performing work activities that include health and safety teaching. The organization should determine the competencies, teachings, as well as experience needed by the workers as well as other staff to ensure safe performance of various responsibilities within the workplace. Job description plays an important role in outlining specific competencies and qualification that is required. For example, in the scenario that requires employees to operate machine during the construction of infrastructure, specialized training as well as qualification play major role in the reduction of injuries and death. Moreover, for additional worker health safety, additionally training first aid officers together with safety support officers should be readily available in the workplace. Consequently, programs for training on worker health and safety should be organized and run annually. Responsibility and Accountability To ensure workers and staff members of the Pitstop Pty Ltd are safe, the organization should employ Worker Health and safety policies. The policy defines as well as communicate responsibility and holding into account, the CEOs, managers, head of workers union and employees injuries and damages in various departments. The manager and workplace health safety have authority in ensuring that WHSMS demands are established, implemented as well as maintenance carried out in accordance with the 2001 occupational health and safety act. Additionally, reports concerning the performance of WHSMS should be done to Pitstop Pty Ltd so as to enable review thereby necessitating WHSMS improvement. Communication Pitstop Pty Ltd WHS, safety and welfare documentation as well as health and safety information should be communicated to the employees, staff, contractors and other visitors using the following channels Website for workplace health and safety Induction programs for employees health and safety conducted online Induction programs for contractors health and safety did online Emailing of employees, staff, and targeted correspondence Employee publication Safety signage Safe working procedures as well as safety manuals Reporting Pitstop Pty Ltd should come up with the following reporting regular measures on health and safety presentation. Inspection of health and safety of workplace Hazards, accident and incident reports Reports of the injuries, health, and safety to the Pitstop Pty Ltd company Audits on health and safety of WHSMS should be done Injured employees and staff members should be reported for compensation Documentation Pitstop Pty Ltd should have a wide range of WHSMS documentation easily available and accessible to the employees and staff members to the health and safety workplace website. Policy, as well as work health and safety documents, should be developed on the requirement by the new legislation. Changes in new teachings, procedures, as well as trends that have been identifying in the hazard, accidents and incidents reports, should be review frequently so that can remain relevant and current. Managing of Operational Risk The company should come up with the procedure for managing operational risk like identification of risk control, risk assessment as well as evaluation of effective control measures as documented in the WHS risk control methods. For example, the firm should conduct annual safety audits to evaluate WHS Management system effectiveness. Moreover, workplace inspection should also be conducted with the help of safety support officers to identify hazards that exist within the workplace (Mathews, Corbo, 2014). Report on the Performance of the WHS Management System. The WHSMS can be described as part of the organizational general system of management that is used to manage the health and safety of workers. WHSMS entails range of component starting from policy, procedures, planning activities, resources as well as different activities. Pitstop Pty Ltd established WHSMS for general benefits for staff and employees community. Implementation of the WHSMS by the firm ensures that there are systematic methods in the management of the worker health and safety that is associated with the company The report on performance worker health and safety management system (WHSMS) reviews the effectiveness in securing the health and safety of working people within the workplace. The report indicates that WHSMS outline the fundamental element that is required by employees and staff members to ensure the successful running of the organizational activities. Additionally, the report looks at the barriers, challenges, and solutions that prevent for the efficient performance of the WHSMS in ensuring that safety and health of the workers within the Pitstop Pty Ltd firm are put into risk. The report also looks at the WHSMS poor performance areas within the organization and explores potential solution to the bad performance (Barnshaw, Letukas, 2010 p. 490). Targets of WHSMS performance outline a detailed measured performance condition arising from the Worker Health and Safety Objectives that require being met to realize those aims. Moreover, MHSMS Performance indicators are processes that examine whether goals have been achieved. The indicators include rates, ratios or indices reflecting how best the WHS management methods are operating. The indices include a reduction in the injuries, death rates and employee absenteeism from the worker. Moreover, reduction in the number of hazards, incidents as well as near miss reported indicates the positive performance of WHSMS. Examination and consultations with WHS experts have acknowledged various kinds of barriers to WHSMS success. These relate mainly to the way that WHSMS are being applied in the Pitstop Pty Ltd. Perhaps due to the increasing popularity, introduction always occurs under discouraging circumstances. Various barriers have contributed to the ineffective performance of the WHSMS thereby putting the health and safety of employees and staff of the company at a big risk. The following barriers lead to poor performance of WHSMS. The incorrect audit tools usage (whereby the tool are being governed by illogical management objectives, as well as being conducted without sound auditor skills, standards, and criteria) Failure to meet essential conditions for WHSMS success (by not modifying structures to organizational requirements, imposition without discussion, poor senior management commitment as well as the poor involvement of employee). Therefore, the report proposes the following solution to bits of help solves the challenges hindering effective performance of the WHSMS. Holding of Discussions A dialogue between controlling of employees on safety as wealth health-related issues, intended at exchanging opinions, establishing the employees' views, taking them opinions into contemplation, as well as endeavoring to reach an agreement, to foster participation, involvement, and cooperation Induction is the practice of bringing in new workers to the firm which include the employee, supervisors as well as the senior members of the organization enables taking place m familiarise with the technologies and the process taking place in an organization. Therefore, induction will help the workers and staff to be well equipped with the idea on how to use audit tool entirely. Defining each person role, responsibility, as well as accountability within the occupational health and safety, plays a critical role in ensuring workplace health and safety. Good governance will ensure that the problems of poor senior management commitment as well as the inadequate involvement of employee are resolved. Conclusion Within the Pitstop Pty Ltd firm, through WHSMS, the areas with leading causes of poor performance were found to cover three broad areas: technical area, cultural as well as governance. The report identified various causes that lead to poor performance as follows. Technical problems were caused by poor identification of the risk and ineffective risk management defense systems. Moreover, cultural problems were caused by the poor motivation of workers, bad attitude of the worker towards their duty. Finally, the report identified that bad governance was as a result of the poor strategy in management of the machine and lack of well-established monitoring and evaluation methods (Barnshaw, Letukas, 2010 p. 490). Recommendation The report recommends that poor performance as a result of the technical problem can be resolved through timely identification of risk and the necessary measure was taken resolve injuries and death caused by the problem. Additionally, training of workers to enable them has adequate knowledge on the technology. Moreover, the issue of governance can be resolved through assigning each role there fostering accountability and responsibility. Finally, the cultural problem can be solved through giving a motivational talk to the workers to uplift their attitude. Therefore, if the recommendation is carefully implemented, the performance of the system because through training on employees, they will be able to operate the machine effectively and efficiently thereby ensuring the smooth running of the system. Good governance helps in enhancing the effective function of the system since each, and every person has a responsibility proper maintenance is done thereby leading to the proper performanc e of the system. Moreover, proper governance also allows for inclusive participation that enables staff members as well as the employees leading to proper decision-making on how to improve the system leading to improvement of its performance. References Barnshaw, J., Letukas, L. (2010). The low down on the down low: Origins, risk identification and intervention.Health Sociology Review,19(4), 478-490. Mathews, S. H., Corbo, J. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,768,812. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Duyhane Miller rational and emotional Essays (235 words) - Brain

Duyhane Miller MRKT 331 Professor Himelstein Oral Report Critique July 30, 2017 Rational and Emotional Buying The topic of choice for this week's oral presentation "Rational and emotional buying" is a topic that I found to be very interesting. The presenter began his presentation with the objective criteri a of rational appeal. He also explained how companies use rational appeal such as favorable price appeal and product popularity appeal. To further explain rational appeal used by companies he included a video of a Walmart commercial for rollback prices. Emotional appeal is the second half of the presentation and to begin the explanation of emotional appeal he talked about the Michelin company using babies to sell tires. He also used a forevermark commercial to deepen the connection between emotional appeal and buying. The videos that the presenter used are very insightful when explaining or even trying to understand the concept being presented . The presentation was very informative as well as well researched and organized. I felt the presenter went into each slide smoothly and he knew his topic well. He spoke clearly and loudly and there were no background noise to distract from the presentation. I enjoyed the use of videos in the presentation because it added an everyday concept to the presentation. The video made it easier for me to understand how companies use rational and emotional appeals when it comes to pricing.

The Fall Of The House Of Usher Essays - English-language Films

The Fall Of The House Of Usher Essays - English-language Films The Fall Of The House Of Usher Regarded as his most famous piece of fiction, The Fall of the House of Usher inspires the usual horror found in most works by Poe. Every aspect expected from a Poe piece is found within this story. There is the first person narrative, the division of personality, and Gothic style; which all characterize classic Poe. Although some critics feel that the tale is difficult to read and an overdone and vulgar fantasy; most recognize it as the masterpiece it is. From the gloomy beginning to the shocking conclusion, The Fall of the House of Usher implements every attribute needed to create a model narration. As in most Poe stories, the unnamed narrator experiences a horrific sight. This harrowing incident is the realization by himself and Roderick Usher that they have in fact buried Madeline Usher alive. The thought of this atrocity causes the narrator to flee from the house indefinitely. He does not know at the time that the house will subsequently cave in after his departure. Almost every tale written by Poe is written in this fashion. Although most stories employ no real plot or characterization, the final terrible experience is typical. This is due to occurrences in Poes own life involving the illness of his child-bride Virginia. Her untimely death stirred an interest in the supernatural that pervaded his writing from that point on. Therefore, all first person narrators in Poes work encounter death in some mysterious and grave manner that helps Poe to cope with his personal issues. There is a division of personality found in The Fall of the House of Usher, which also presents itself in William Wilson. In the tale being discussed, Roderick and Madeline Usher are twins whose health is slowly diminishing. While Madeline seems to have accepted her fate, it looks as if Roderick does not quite understand his recent transformation. It is almost as if all the worry and frustration felt by both is channeled through Roderick. While he is slowly losing his mind, Madeline becomes increasingly sedate. The narrator mentions that the master of the house has indeed changed a great deal. Apparently, some curse has overcome him and his sister causing their recent decline in spirits, sanity, and health. Throughout the story, both are equally affected by the others actions. This element is found in many Poe tales, although usually it involves a dual nature within a single character. Numerous critics castigate Poes writing for its highly Gothic style. It is too serious and conveys a certain difficulty in reading. They claim that this particular style hinders the reader from being able to handle more than one story at a time. Nevertheless, Poes writing does reflect upon his own personality. Edgar Allen Poe was a staid and somber man, and these traits shine through his writing. Also, it seems that perhaps he did not intend for more than one story to be dealt with at a time. Poe wrote in a highly stylized way in order to contribute to the overall mood of the piece of fiction. Without that edge, his work would lose much of its eeriness. The Fall of the House of Usher certainly incorporates such language as evidenced by phrases such as singularly dreary tract and whither shall I fly. The elevated language and carefully chosen adjectives weigh on the reader throughout the story. Finally, while some critics may lambaste the work of Poe as fanciful ramblings, it stands to reason that perhaps they are mistaken. Carefully thought out narration, sensible characterization, and appropriate diction pervade not only The Fall of the House of Usher, but every subsequent Poe work also. While the discussed piece is the best example of his genius many other manuscripts fall into these same patterns. Nonetheless, The Fall of the House of Usher is a classic work that holds its own among the most recognized and celebrated short stories ever read

Projectd Mangement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Projectd Mangement - Case Study Example If another individual takes the responsibility of overlooking the project and taking its name under himself, it can pose as a problem between the two individuals. The person who is taking the responsibility of the project can go to any lengths to make the other person work, external pressure from that person can make the project manager undertake a lot of decisions which the manager never intended to take. Due to this, the project manager also has to be answerable to all the resulting problems with the other person sitting at the corner. Therefore, considering all the above communicational problems, I would not have taken the project if someone else in the team referred to my project as their baby. 2. The biggest moral and ethical issue that Gary is facing in this situation is hiding the facts from the whole team and specially the customer who in this case is the Lord's Corporation. In order to get the contract, the company official ordered Gary to lie about the temperature specifications of the raw materials, convincing him by saying that they can later ask the customer change the specifications when they win the contract. Keeping an open communication flow between the people related to the project and the stakeholders is the prime responsibility of a project manager (Heerkeens, 2001). ... 3. Gary Anderson was awarded the position of the project manager for the Blue Spider Project. Undertaking his responsibilities, he had to report to the director of program management and his major responsibility was that of cost handling, time management and administration. Gary was chosen to become the Project manager because Gable wanted an expert in the Technical department so that he can get all the help about the R&D from that person. Also, the biggest responsibility as a project manager was the ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally, the ability to motivate people. With time, as matters worsened, Gary took the responsibility of undertaking minutes of the meeting and all the undergoing of the project. Also, since his area of expertise was engineering and not administration, he was more focused on the R&D and was giving away his responsibility of cutting down costs, communicating with other departments and the customer; in short administrative responsibilities were negle cted by him, which were his prime responsibility. 4. The functional employees of the customer and contractor should be allowed to certain standards and levels and not all the way. The reason for is that there should be a level of transparency and co-operation and trust between the two parties which can make huge projects work. Too much work can make the workers feel that their personal space to work is being invaded and can hamper their performance. However, in order to keep a fair level of transparency and accountability on the part of the workers, the functional workers should be allowed to communicate without the formal to some extent. 5. A

Rape Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rape Culture - Essay Example This paper will look into the case of rape culture and try to find out how women have been denied justice against rapists in the society. It will try to show how rapists have been defended by the media and justice institutions. The descriptions of rape culture and the injustices against women in the society will be based on a movie called ‘The Accused’ which was released in the year 1988. Rape culture will always blame the victims of rape. The media and justice institutions will look at rape in a way that blames the victim to suggest that the victims were the cause of the happening of this act. In the movie, Sarah Tobias, the victim of a gang rape by three men, is accused by the defendant of being drunk during the night of the rape. He says that she was provocatively dressed and seduced one of the rapists. Her history of flirting with men is brought to this case to accuse her blame her behavior. It is with these accusations of Sarah’s clothing and her past history of flirting with men that the defendant uses to blame Sarah Tobias who is the central character in the movie. This shows how rape culture always tries to find as little as it can, small loop holes to blame the victim. The talks of how Sarah was raped in a crowded bar by three men. The three men raped her in turns and repeatedly on a pinball machine. As one was holding her pinning her down, the other continuously raped her. All this time a crowd of men were in the bar did not stop the three men from raping Sarah. Instead they went on to cheer these men to rape Sarah. She is taken to the hospital and meets her attorney who is the prosecutor of the case. The movie has its main setting in a court room. Although Sarah is continuously raped, even her attorney reluctantly defends her because of her history and how she was provocatively dressed. Rape culture always has a way to make the victims

Literature and Social Change

Literature and Social Change Literature written during the period between 1650 and the mid 1800s encourages us to think for ourselves rather than blindly accept the status quo. Tolstoy, in The Death of Ivan Ilyich reminds us to be mindful of the folly of keeping up with the Jones. Molieres Tartuffe warns against the unquestioning acceptance of religious authority. Swift and Douglass condemn the unthinkable acceptance of human degradation. Whether describing the indiscriminate acceptance of authority or social norms these stories inspire us to use critical thinking as a means of restoring moral principles. Tolstoys depiction of the struggle between the physical and spiritual world reminds us that a life of integrity is a life of meaningful choices. Choices that require careful consideration about what is truly important in life, namely the people in our lives. Ivan Ilyichs acceptance of the challenge to keep up with the status quo led him to a place of painful isolation. Each thoughtless choice cost him personal integrity until he is compelled by impending death to take a judicious look at his life. A Modest Proposal. Historical and cultural biases and stereotypes prevent both oppressors and oppressed from seeing not only the need but the ability to change. Acceptance of poverty as a regrettable condition or an acceptable lifestyle for those people without questioning the validity of such ideas degrades all humanity. Swifts work provoked critical thinking and discussion among the people changing expectations, reforming abuses and reaffirming the value of humanity. Douglass work asserts the worth of all mankind. The practice of enslaving human beings chained not only the slave but the owner as well. Each choice to ignore was a choice to endorse slavery as a reasonable practice. Only when reason was applied, prejudices examined and stereotypes dismantled did ideas about slavery begin to change. The abolition of slavery required rethinking the value of human freedom by slave holders and slaves alike as well as society as a whole. What began as individual revelation grew into a revolution renewing integrity of individuals and a nation. Each story draws the reader into an abusive world created and affirmed by ignorance then offers the means for change, independent thinking. Unquestioned our biases and assumptions unjustifiably impact our thought processes. Restoration of integrity comes about when we are mindful of circumstance and apply critical thinking skills to our situation. As each author illustrates, our power to reason is a powerful tool for change. Question 3 Relevance Still Searching for Significance The stories we read from 1650 through the mid 1800s all address issues that are relevant today. Religious hypocrisy, poverty and slavery still exist with long lasting and detrimental effects. I believe Leo Tolstoys Death of Ivan Ilyich holds the most relevance for todays audience because it speaks to what we have the most control over, our day to day choices. We all have the potential to live meaningful lives and affect our world in a positive way. Tolstoys Death of Ivan Ilyich addresses me, my family, and my community. Our priorities are easily confused when trying to keep up with appearances. Tolstoy contrasts the way we usually live our life, keeping up with appearances and the way we should live our life, with kindness and gratitude. One hundred years after the authors death people still search for fulfillment in materialism. Years ago He who Dies with the Most Toys Wins was a popular bumper sticker. I rarely see it anymore. Consumed by debt we struggle to survive. He who Dies with the Most Debt doesnt have quite the same laugh in the face of death attitude. Its not just toys, we invest heavily in cars and homes, jobs and after school activities believing we are what we appear to be. Appearances are artificial. The substance of who we are, the way we treat people is deeper than appearance. As a nation September 11th especially reminded us of the importance of the people in our lives. Listening to phone calls made to loved ones by nine-eleven victims we wondered, Who would we call first if our plane or building was going to consume us? Who would miss us if in the rescue of another human being we were to loose our life? Certainly the sacrifice of life would be evidence of a life well-lived, an authentic life. But even Ivan Ilyich in a sense sacrifices his life. Certainly he wanted what was best for his family yet they see him as a nuisance, they really just want him to go away. This man provided the best for his family and in return they want nothing to do with him. The material things he provided are ultimately unimportant. Gerashims compassion for Ivan sheds light on what is truly important. Both Ivan and Gershim benefit because of Gershims compassion. Ivan is cared for, his loneliness and pain are lessened. Gershim, having made a difference in someones life, is filled with a satisfaction that can not be cast off. His life has meaning. His compassion comes from his spirit, it is love in action. All the material gifts we give will disintegrate in time but compassion, love for another, has a regenerating power. Love authenticates our lives. When we show compassion for our family, friends, and neighbors our communities are better places. Places where hypocrisy, poverty and slavery have a difficult time existing. The choices we make daily can add up to a meaningful life and a better world. Question 5 Favorite A Renewed Appreciation I thoroughly enjoyed the works we read especially Frederick Douglass, Moliere, and Jonathan Swift but the work that is my favorite is Leo Tolstoys Death of Ivan Ilyich. Tolstoys story had the most effect on me. As I read the story the first time I found myself substituting my own husband for Ivan. He, like Ivan works hard to keep up appearances and works in pain. I, like Ivans wife can barely be bothered with him. The story reminded me that compassion is a two-way street. Now when I think about the story it is not someone else I see in Ivans place but myself. The story is my favorite because it has caused me to think about myself and seek change. The work that is my least favorite is Alexander Popes Rape of the Lock. It was my least favorite because the subject matter and the imagery felt so foreign to me. The piece was difficult to understand, yet I was intrigued, the verse was captivating. As I learned about the imagery and epic poetry I came to appreciate this mock epic. Reading the literature from this time period has caused me to appreciate history and the changes that can be initiated through the power of words.

Thinking, Values, And Beliefs :: essays research papers

Ideology is a way of thinking that reflect the social needs and political doctrines of an individual or group. There are many different people and different circumstances this results in a variety of different ways of thinking, values and beliefs. Our ideology grows with us from childhood. From the moment you are born the family influence begins to impact your thought process. A child is like a sponge that absorbs ideas and beliefs. Beliefs are taught to a child in subtle ways such as just listening to the parents and their opinions from everything including politics, social problems, moral issues and even opinions about how others behave. It is within the family unit that a person learns their moral values. It is from their parents that a child is taught right and wrong. Often this is through religious training. Religious beliefs or the lack of religious beliefs has a great influence on a person's beliefs and values. In the early years a child looks to their parents as the final authority on any subject. It's not uncommon to overhear a child explain something as being absolutely true because their mommy or daddy said so. As a child grow's older they see the world through outside influences such as the school system, the media, and their peers. School is often a child first opportunity to think for themselves. They experiment with ideas and values of their own. School teaches children to use a critical thought process. One way where this is done is if a child is given an opinion in a debate and they must find reasons to defend a certain viewpoint. They are exposed to a wide variety of viewpoint and opinions. Another source of influence on values and beliefs is the media. Free speech guarantees the rights of anyone to express their opinions. Children begin to form new beliefs and ideas of their own, the family influence is still there, but just not as strong. Also, peers become a major influence on a young person's thinking. To express their newfound values a child will often go through a stage of rebellion where they reject a lot of their parent's values. This doesn't mean that they have taken on a whole new belief system. It just means they are expanding the values, thinking, and belief system from the home with new ideas and thoughts. The country where you are raised is one of the major influences on a person's values and thinking process.

Backward Design Essay

Deliberate and focused instructional design requires us as teachers and curriculum writers to make an important shift in our thinking about the nature of our job. The shift involves thinking a great deal, first, about the specific learnings sought, and the evidence of such learnings, before thinking about what we, as the teacher, will do or provide in teaching and learning activities. Though considerations about what to teach and how to teach it may dominate our thinking as a matter of habit, the challenge is to focus first on the desired learnings from which appropriate teaching will logically follow. Our lessons, units, and courses should be logically inferred from the results sought, not derived from the methods, books, and activities with which we are most comfortable. Curriculum should lay out the most effective ways of achieving specific results. It is analogous to travel planning. Our frameworks should provide a set of itineraries deliberately designed to meet cultural goals rather than a purposeless tour of all the major sites in a foreign country. In short, the best designs derive backward from the learnings sought. The appropriateness of this approach becomes clearer when we consider the educational purpose that is the focus of this book: understanding. We cannot say how to teach for understanding or which material and activities to use until we are quite clear about which specific understandings we are after and what such understandings look like in practice. We can best decide, as guides, what â€Å"sites† to have our student â€Å"tourists† visit and what specific â€Å"culture† they should experience in their brief time there only if we are clear about the particular understandings about the culture we want them to take home. Only by having specified the desired results can we focus on the content, methods, and activities most likely to achieve those results. But many teachers begin with and remain focused on textbooks, favored lessons, and time-honored activities—the inputs—rather than deriving those means from what is implied in the desired resultsâ€⠀the output. To put it in an odd way, too many teachers focus on the teaching and not the learning. They spend most of their time thinking, first, about what they will do, what materials they will use, and what they will ask students to do rather than first considering what the learner will need in order to accomplish the learning goals. Consider a typical episode of what might be called content-focused design instead of results-focused design. The teacher might base a lesson on a particular topic (e.g., racial prejudice), select a resource (e.g., To Kill a Mockingbird), choose specific instructional methods based on the resource and topic (e.g., Socratic seminar to discuss the book and cooperative groups to analyze stereotypical images in films and on television), and hope thereby to cause learning (and meet a few English/language arts standards). Finally, the teacher might think up a few essay questions and quizzes for assessing student understanding of the book. This approach is so common that we may well be tempted to reply, What could be wrong with such an approach? The short answer lies in the basic questions of purpose: Why are we asking students to read this particular novel—in other words, what learnings will we seek from their having read it? Do the students grasp why and how the purpose should influence their studying? What should students be expected to understand and do upon reading the book, related to our goals beyond the book? Unless we begin our design work with a clear insight into larger purposes—whereby the book is properly thought of as a means to an educational end, not an end unto itself—it is unlikely that all students will understand the book (and their performance obligations). Without being self-conscious of the specific understandings about prejudice we seek, and how reading and discussing the book will help develop such insights, the goal is far too vague: The approach is more â€Å"by hope† than â€Å"by design.† Such an approach ends up unwittingly being one that could be described like this: Throw some content and activities against the wall and hope some of it sticks. Answering the â€Å"why?† and â€Å"so what?† questions that older students always ask (or want to), and doing so in concrete terms as the focus of curriculum planning, is thus the essence of understanding by design. What is difficult for many teachers to see (but easier for students to feel!) is that, without such explicit and transparent priorities, many students find day-to-day work confusing and frustrating. The twin sins of traditional design More generally, weak educational design involves two kinds of purposelessness, visible throughout the educational world from kindergarten through graduate school. We call these the â€Å"twin sins† of traditional design. The error of activity-oriented design might be called â€Å"hands-on without being minds-on†Ã¢â‚¬â€engaging experiences that lead only accidentally, if at all, to insight or achievement. The activities, though fun and interesting, do not lead anywhere intellectually. Such activity-oriented curricula lack an explicit focus on important ideas and appropriate evidence of learning, especially in the minds of the learners. A second form of aimlessness goes by the name of â€Å"coverage,† an approach in which students march through a textbook, page by page (or teachers through lecture notes) in a valiant attempt to traverse all the factual material within a prescribed time. Coverage is thus like a whirlwind tour of Europe, perfectly summarized by the old movie title If It’s Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium, which properly suggests that no overarching goals inform the tour. As a broad generalization, the activity focus is more typical at the elementary and lower middle school levels, whereas coverage is a prevalent secondary school and college problem. No guiding intellectual purpose or clear priorities frame the learning experience. In neither case can students see and answer such questions as these: What’s the point? What’s the big idea here? What does this help us understand or be able to do? To what does this relate? Why should we learn this? Hence, the students try to engage and follow as best they can, hoping that meaning will emerge. The three stages of backward design Stage 1: Identify desired results What should students know, understand, and be able to do? What content is worthy of understanding? What enduring understandings are desired? In Stage 1 we consider our goals, examine established content standards (national, state, district), and review curriculum expectations. Because typically we have more content than we can reasonably address within the available time, we must make choices. This first stage in the design process calls for clarity about priorities. Stage 2: Determine acceptable evidence How will we know if students have achieved the desired results? What will we accept as evidence of student understanding and proficiency? The backward design orientation suggests that we think about a unit or course in terms of the collected assessment evidence needed to document and validate that the desired learning has been achieved, not simply as content to be covered or as a series of learning activities. This approach encourages teachers and curriculum planners to first â€Å"think like an assessor† before designing specific units and lessons, and thus to consider up front how they will determine if students have attained the desired understandings. Stage 3: Plan learning experiences and instruction With clearly identified results and appropriate evidence of understanding in mind, it is now the time to fully think through the most appropriate instructional activities. Several key questions must be considered at this stage of backward design: What enabling knowledge (facts, concepts, principles) and skills (processes, procedures, strategies) will students need in order to perform effectively and achieve desired results? What activities will equip students with the needed knowledge and skills? What will need to be taught and coached, and how should it best be taught, in light of performance goals? What materials and resources are best suited to accomplish these goals? Note that the specifics of instructional planning—choices about teaching methods, sequence of lessons, and resource materials—can be successfully completed only after we identify desired results and assessments and consider what they imply. Teaching is a means to an end. Having a clear goal helps to foc us our planning and guide purposeful action toward the intended results. Conclusion Backward design may be thought of, in other words, as purposeful task analysis: Given a worthy task to be accomplished, how do we best get everyone equipped? Or we might think of it as building a wise itinerary, using a map: Given a destination, what’s the most effective and efficient route? Or we might think of it as planning for coaching: What must learners master if they are to effectively perform? What will count as evidence on the field, not merely in drills, that they really get it and are ready to perform with understanding, knowledge, and skill on their own? How will the learning be designed so that learners’ capacities are developed through use and feedback? This is all quite logical when you come to understand it, but â€Å"backward† from the perspective of much habit and tradition in our field. A major change from common practice occurs as designers must begin to think about assessment before deciding what and how they will teach. Rather than creating assessments near the conclusion of a unit of study (or relying on the tests provided by textbook publishers, which may not completely or appropriately assess our standards and goals), backward design calls for us to make our goals or standards specific and concrete, in terms of assessment evidence, as we begin to plan a unit or course. The rubber meets the road with assessment. Three different teachers may all be working toward the same content standards, but if their assessments vary considerably, how are we to know which students have achieved what? Agreement on needed evidence of learning leads to greater curricular coherence and more reliable evaluation by teachers. Equally important is the long-term gain in teacher, student, and parent insight about what does and does not count as evidence of meeting complex standards.

Definition and Examples of Putative Should in English

In English grammar, putative should is the use of the word should in contexts that indicate surprise or disbelief, or that refer to the occurrence (or possible occurrence) of some situation or event. This usage differs from the should of obligation (i.e., the mandative should). As noted by Randolph Quirk et al., putative should (also called emotional should) occurs in that clauses after expressions of emotion (sorrow, joy, displeasure, surprise, wonder, etc.), and is often accompanied by intensifying expressions such as so, such, like this/that, ever, or at all (A Comprehensive Grammar, 1985). In addition, putative should  occurs in subordinate clauses as an alternative to the subjunctive after expressions of suggesting, advising, etc.: They insisted that I (should) stay the whole week (Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 1994). Putative should is more common in British English than in American English. Also Known  As:  emotional  should, attitudinal  should, hypothetical  should, subjunctive  should Examples Major Green gently nodded and then briefly glanced through the same porthole, behind which the Earth lay static and diminutive, no bigger than an average football. The oddest thing for me is that people should be living there at all! he exclaimed on a softly humorous note. (John OLoughlin, Millennial Projections, 1983)It is surprising that you should find this practice shocking, since you French cut off the heads of your King and Queen. (Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia, 1941)I know its a little strange, a little bit of a contradiction, that a far-seeing place should also be a basement place, but thats how it is with me. (Stephen King, Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner, 2000)It seems a great shame you should have to pay for what Albert and Clara did. (Arnold Bennett, These Twain, 1915)It is sad that you should talk such nonsense, and sadder that I should have to listen.(Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller, Studies in Humanism , 1912)Peter Walsh, who had done just respectably, filled the usual posts adequately, was liked, but thought a little cranky, gave himself airs—it was odd that he should have had, especially now that his hair was grey, a contented look; a look of having reserves. (Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway, 1925) Adjectives With Putative Should The adjectives anxious, eager, and willing are followed by a that-clause with putative should or the subjunctive. Adjectives expressing concepts concerned with modality or volition (Quirk et al 1985: 1224) also belong to this group. Examples are appropriate, essential, important, vital. Adjectives which can be followed by a verb phrase in the that-clause with either an indicative verb phrase or one with putative should express emotions. Examples are afraid, angry, hopeful, inconceivable, odd, sad, sorry, surprised, surprising. (Ilka Mindt, Adjective Complementation: An Empirical Analysis of Adjectives Followed by That-Clauses. John Benjamins, 2011) Factual Should In most of its uses, should is to be found in contexts which are either counterfactual (as in You should be in your office at this time of day, which presupposes ...but you are not in your office) or tentative (as in You should give up smoking, which contains a presupposition approximately paraphrasable as ...but Im not sure you will give up smoking). In some cases, however, should is used in contexts which—at least apparently—contain no negative implication. These contexts, which may be called factual, seem to contradict the hypothesis that -ed always expresses a presupposition of unreality. (Most factual uses of should concern what is often called putative should—see, for instance, Quirk et al...The coincidence of the two categories, however, is only partial.) (Paul Larreya, Irrealis, Past Time Reference and Modality. Modality in Contemporary English, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred G. Krug, and Frank Robert Palmer. Walter de Gruyter, 2003) Jespersen on Emotional Should We may use the term emotional should for the use of should in passing a judgment of an emotional character (agreeable or disagreeable surprise, indignation, joy) on some occurrence which may, or may not, be a fact. A sentence like Why was the date omitted? is a mere factual question, but Why should the date of the document be omitted? implies wonder and, possibly, some suspicion of the purity of the motives. Compare further: Where the divell should he learne our language? (Sh.). Why should they try to influence him? [I see no reason] Someone asking for you. Who should ask for me? Similarly, these examples show use in clauses: It is not good that the man should be alone (AV). It was quite natural that the Russians should hate their oppressors. Why should she have done so, I can hardly tell. It is strange that she married (or has married) such an old man merely states the fact; It is strange that she should have married such an old man lays more stress on the strangeness by using the imaginative should in the clause. (Otto Jespersen, Essentials of English Grammar. George Allan Unwin, 1933) Also See Conditional Clause  and  Conditional SentenceConfused Words:  Should  and  Would